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Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verdc.
Chloranthaceae
Cryphaea erecta Buch.-Ham., Chloranthus officinalis Blume, Chloranthus elatior Link.
Malaysia |
Dikut-dikut, langut-Iangut (Sarawak), sambau paya (Peninsular). |
Indonesia |
Keras tulang (Malay), uyah-uyahan (Javanese), harostulang (Sumatra). |
Thailand |
Hom kai (Northern), kraduk kai (Central). |
Philippines |
Barau-barau (Luzon), tul-an hinbad (Samar), tunggao (Tagbanua). |
Cambodia |
Kbâ:k dâmréi. |
Chloranthus erectus is found in continental Asia from Nepal to Yunnan and the Andaman Islands, and throughout the Malaysian region as far as New Guinea.
Chloranthus erectus is a smooth, aromatic, slightly woody herb or small shrub that can reach up to 3 m tall. The nodes are swollen and sometimes purplish.
The leaves are arranged decussately opposite. The petiole is 1-1.5 cm long while the stipules are small and awl-shaped. The blade is oblong-lance-shaped to elliptical or ovate-oblong, measuring 8-29 cm x 3-13 cm, with wedge-shaped base, shallowly glandular-serrate margin, with long acuminate apex, penninerved, bright green and glossy above.
The inflorescence is terminal where the peduncled panicle consists of 5-13 spikes which are 2.5-5 cm long. The bracts are sheath, ovate and acute. The flowers are much reduced, without perianth and bisexual. The male part is a 3-lobed organ adnate to the upper half of the ovary and with fused stamens. It is 1.2-1.6 mm long and with 3 anthers. The median one is 2-locellate while the lateral ones is 1-locellate which is yellow, greenish-white or violet-white. The female part is composed of a 1-locular ovary with a single ovule. It is partly enclosed by the male part, with subsessile stigma and truncate.
The fruit is a drupe, nearly globular or ellipsoid, measures 5-7 mm in diametre, fleshy, white-cream or rarely tinged violet or pinkish and glossy.
The seed is also nearly globular, yellow-white, minutely apiculate, narrow below, and surrounded by a thin and fibrous endocarp. The testa is with lignified endotestal palisade cells.
In the wild, Chloranthus erectus grows in primary and secondary tropical forests at (20) 50-1450 (-2550) m altitude. At higher altitudes, it is often found in Araucaria and Nothofagus-Castanopsis forests, often on limestone. Its lowland forest habitats include Pandanus and palm forests, riverine forests, and boggy areas.
1) Safety
Plant Resources of South-East Asia No.16: Stimulants.
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