Scientific Name
Vitis vinifera L.
Synonyms
Cissus vinifera (L.) Kuntze, Vitis sylvestris C.C.Gmel. [1]
Vernacular Name
| English | Common grape vine, cultivated grape, European grape, grape, grapes, wine grape [2] |
| China | Pu tao [2] |
| India | Anab, angur, angora, angurphal, dachh, dakh, dakha, darakh, drakh, draksha, mundiri, onguro, sougi [2] |
| Japan | Budo [2] |
| Arab | Anba, dalia, anab [2] |
| Chile | Parra, parron, vida, vina [2] |
| Mexico | Bicholi yaha castilla [2] |
Geographical Distributions
No documentation
Botanical Description
No documentation
Cultivation
No documentation
Chemical Constituent
Vitis vinifera seed has been reported to contain condensed tannins termed oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), or procyanidolic oligomers (PCOs). [3]
Plant Part Used
No documentation
Traditional Use
V. vinifera has been reported to have antibacterial, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and vasodilatory effect [4].
Preclinical Data
Pharmacology
Antioxidant activity
OPCs found in V. vinifera seeds are antioxidants, or free radical scavengers [3]. Free radical damage has been associated with nearly every chronic degenerative disease, including cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, hypercholesterolemia and cancer [4]. V. vinifera seeds also have been found to inhibit lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation, capillary permeability and fragility, and to affect enzyme systems including phospholipase A2, xanthine oxidase, cyclooxygenase, and lipoxygenase. Proanthocyanidins have been associated with the term “French Paradox,” or the observation that a high dietary intake of fats in France is not associated with an increase in atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases [5].
Proanthocyanidins contained in V. vinifera seed are reported to neutralize lipid peroxidation damage to cell membranes through their free radical scavenging activity, including hydroxyl, lipid peroxides and iron-induced lipid peroxidation. [6][7][8][9][10][11]
The antioxidant capacity of procyanidins found in V. vinifera seed extract are reported in laboratory studies to modulate inflammatory processes, including reducing the expression of IL-6 and MCP-1 and enhancing the production of the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin suggesting that may have a beneficial effect on low-grade inflammatory diseases. [12]
Cardioprotective activity
V. vinifera polyphenols have been reported in laboratory and human studies to have antioxidant properties that are beneficial to cardiovascular health, including decreasing low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol oxidation and platelet aggregation, vasoprotection and antiatherosclerotic properties [13][14]. Proanthocyanidins are claimed to support collagen structures and inhibit the destruction of collagen, strengthening capillary walls and other vessels [15][16]. Collagen protection is claimed to be very important for health because it allows red blood cells to penetrate into the microcapillary system and prevent fluids from leaking out of the microvasculature [17][18]. OPCs reportedly protect 1-antitripsin, a chemical that keeps enzymes from breaking down collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid [6][19] and directly inhibits these substances from damaging enzymes. OPCs have also been reported to decrease edema, based upon the stabilization of the capillary wall and prevention of the increase in capillary permeability [20][21][22].
The OPCs of V. vinifera seed have also been reported to have PAF inhibiting ability in laboratory studies, with potency comparable to that of aspirin. The inhibitory effect of OPCs on thromboxane biosynthesis may explain the platelet aggregation inhibiting activity. [23]
The antioxidant effect may be useful in protection from unhealthy cholesterol levels. A laboratory animal study reported that a single dose proanthocyanidins from grape seeds increased the resistance of blood plasma against oxidative stress. [24]
Antiproliferative activity
V. vinifera seed proanthocyanidins were recently reported to be cytotoxic in vitro against some cancer cell lines, including human breast, lung, colon, gastric, prostate and others [25][26][27][28]. V. vinifera seed extract has been reported in laboratory studies to be a potential agent in breast cancer support through suppression of aromatase expression [29][30]. Also, the V. vinifera seed extract enhanced the growth and viability of the normal human gastric mucosal cells and murine macrophage cells. V. vinifera seed proanthocyanidins were also reported to have radioprotective activity, decreasing the damaging effects of radiation in an in vitro study [31].
Another in vitro study reported that OPCs from grape seed were effective in reducing the damaging effects of chemotherapeutic agents (idarubicin, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide) on Chang liver cells, and may be useful in preventing the toxic effects of these agents in individuals undergoing cancer treatment [32][33]. V. vinifera seed OPCs were also reported in a laboratory animal study to be hepatoprotective against acetaminophen, decreasing the damaging effects on hepatocytes and reducing liver injury [34]. V. vinifera seed extract’s mechanism in cancer includes inhibition of angiogenesis via suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling and inducing apoptosis via activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase [35][36].
Anti-inflammatory activity
OPCs have been reported to inhibit the degradation of mast cells and the subsequent release of mediators of inflammation, such as histamine and prostaglandins, and therefore may be useful in allergies and sinus problems [16]. OPCs have also been reported to inhibit the enzyme xanthine oxidase, a major producer of free radicals [37].
Inflammatory up-regulation is strongly associated with chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, thyroid and other hormonal imbalances, obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, sleep disturbances, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Laboratory studies have reported that the antioxidant polyphenols found in V. vinifera seed extract help attenuate inflammatory processes seen in an Alzheimer’s brain model, reducing amyloid-beta deposition and microglia activation. [38]
Laboratory studies have found that V. vinifera seed extract may be beneficial in oral health, positively affected the in vitro demineralization and/or remineralization processes of artificial root caries lesions and also inhibiting matrix metalloproeinases (MMPs) produced by inflammatory cells in response to gram (-) periodontopathogens. [39][40]
Laboratory studies have reported V. vinifera seed extract may inhibit vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 induction by advanced glycation end products (AGE) by activating PPAR gamma expression [41].
Anticollagenase activity
OPCs have been reported effective in improving the visual performances after glare as well as the visual adaptation [42]. An in vitro study using OPCs from V. vinifera seed was reported to inhibit this type III collagenase activity and may be beneficial in reducing the damaging effects on ocular structures. [43]
Toxicity
No documentation
Clinical Data
Clinical findings
Antioxidant activity
A human study looked at the plasma level of free radical-induced 8-isoprostane formation in healthy human subjects after V. vinifera seed administration. A significant reduction in 8-isoprostane levels was found, supporting V. vinifera seed’s antioxidant benefits in humans. [44]
Cardioprotective activity
In one double-blind, placebo controlled study, 71 patients with peripheral venous insufficiency received V. vinifera seed extract (300 mg OPCs) or placebo daily [45]. The individuals receiving the grape seed extract reported a 75% reduction in the symptoms associated with venous insufficiency. Another report of a single administration of OPCs (150 mg) resulted in an increase in venous tone in patients with varicosities [46]. Similarly, a double blind, placebo controlled study of elderly individuals with either spontaneous or drug-induced low capillary resistance were treated with OPCs from grape seed (100-150 mg) or placebo. The study results reported a noticeable improvement (53% of treated individuals) in capillary resistance after two weeks of therapy. [47]
Several clinical studies have reported administration of grape seed extract decreases levels of oxidized LDL cholesterol. [48][49][50]
A small clinical study found that grape seed extract was beneficial in lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressures in patients with metabolic syndrome. There were no significant changes in lipids or blood glucose values. [51]
Antiproliferative activity
A double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized phase II trial did not find any benefit when using V. vinifera seed extract to improve breast tissue induration after high dose radiation therapy. [52]
Anti-inflammatory activity
OPCs have been used in allergies because of their reported ability to inhibit degradation of mast cells and the subsequent release of histamine and other mediators of inflammation. In contrast, a study involving 49 seasonal allergic rhinitis sufferers compared the effects of 100 mg V. vinifera seed extract twice a day against placebo. The evaluation of multiple endpoints demonstrated no significant differences between the treatment and placebo groups. [53]
Anticollagenase activity
An open trial of 147 individuals with retinopathy were administered OPCs from grape seed (100 mg) daily [54]. The authors reported successful treatment of exudations secondary to hypoxia. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP’s), a protein which plays a key role in the extracellular matrix turnover, is thought to be involved in ocular pathologies such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, vitreous degeneration and corneal stroma ulceration [55].
Precautions
No documentation
Side effects
No documentation
Pregnancy/Breast Feeding
No documentation
Age limitation
No documentation
Adverse reaction
No documentation
Interaction & Depletion
No documentation
Interaction with drug
No documentation
Interaction with other Herbs
No documentation
Contraindications
No documentation
Case Report
No documentation
Poisonous Management
No documentation
Line Drawing
References
- The Plant List. Ver1.1. Vitis vinifera L.[homepage on the Internet]. c2013 [updated 2012 Mar 26; cited 2016 Jun 20] Available from: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2457006
- Quattrocchi U. CRC world dictionary of medicinal and poisonous plants: Common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms and etymology. Volume V R-Z. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 2012; p. 766.
- Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P. Vitis vinifera, L. Fitoterapia. 1995;66(4):291-317.
- Fine AM. Oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes: History, structure, and phytopharmaceutical applications. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(2):144-151.
- Das DK, Sato M, Ray PS. Cardioprotection of red wine: Role of polyphenolic antioxidants. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999;25(2-3):115-120.
- Robert L. The effect of procyanidolic oligomers on vascular permeability. A study using quantitative morphology. Pathol Biol. 1990;38(6):608-616.
- Bagchi D, Garg A, Krohn RL. Protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced hepatic and brain lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice. Gen Pharmacol. 1998;30(5):771-776.
- Lagrue G. A study of the effects of procyanidol oligomers on capillary resistance in hypertension and in certain nephropathies. Sem Hop. 1981;57(33-36):1399-1401.
- Fitzpatrick DF. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing activity of wine and other grape products. Am J Physiol. 1993;265(2 Pt 2):H774-H778.
- Uchida S. Active oxygen free radicals are scavenged by condensed tannins. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988;280:135-138.
- Koga T, Moro K, Nakamori K. Increase of antioxidative potential of eat plasma by oral administration of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds. J Agric Food Chem. 1999;47(5):1892-1897.
- Chacón MR, Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Maymó-Masip E. Grape-seed procyanidins modulate inflammation on human differentiated adipocytes in vitro. Cytokine, 2009;47(2):137-142.
- Pérez-Jiménez J, Saura-Calixto F. Grape products and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Nutr Res Rev. 2008;21(2):158-173.
- Leifert WR, Abeywardena MY. Cardioprotective actions of grape polyphenols. Nutr Res. 2008;28(11):729-737.
- Bagchi D. Oxygen free radical scavenging abilities of vitamins C and E, and a grape aeed proanthocyanidin extract in vitro. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1997;95(2):179-89.
- Maffei Facino R. Free Radicals scavenging action and anti-enzyme activities of procyanidines from Vitis vinifera. A mechanism for their capillary protective action. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res. 1994;44(5):592-601.
- Fauconneau B. Comparative study of radical scavenger and antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds from Vitis vinifera cell cultures using in vitro tests. Life Sci. 1997;61(21):103-110.
- Frankel EN. Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein by phenolic substances in red wine. Lancet. 1993;341(8843):454-457.
- Jonadet M. Anthocyanosides extracted from Vitis vinifera, Vaccinium myrtillus and Pinus maritimus. I. Elastase-inhibiting activities in vitro. II. Compared angioprotective activities in vivo. J Pharm Belg. 1983;38(1):41-46.
- Baruch J. Effect of endotelon in postoperative edema. Results of a double-blind study versus placebo in 32 female patients. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 1984;29(4):393-395.
- Zafirov D, Bredy-Dobreva G, Litchev V. Antiexudative and capillaritonic effects of procyanidines isolated from grape seeds (V. Vinifera). Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1990;16(3):50-54.
- Blazso G, Gabor M. Oedema-inhibiting effect of procyanidin. Acta Physiol Acad Sci Hung. 1980;56(2):235-240.
- Chang WC. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and arachidonate metabolism in platelets by procyanidins. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1989;38(3):181-188.
- Natella F, Belelli F, Gentili V. Grape seed proanthocyanidins prevent plasma postprandial oxidative stress in humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(26):7720-7725.
- Castillo J, Benavente-Garcia O, Lorente J. Antioxidant activity and radioprotective effects against chromosomal damage induced in vivo by X-rays of flavan-3-ols (Procyanidins) from grape seeds (Vitis vinifera): Comparative study versus other phenolic and organic compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48(5):1738-1745.
- Hsu CP, Lin YH, Chou CC. Mechanisms of grape seed procyanidin-induced apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(1):283-289.
- Shang XJ, Yin HL, Ge JP. Grape seed extract induces morphological changes of prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2008;14(12):1090-1093.
- Akhtar S, Meeran SM, Katiyar N. Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the growth of human non-small cell lung cancer xenografts by targeting insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, tumor cell proliferation, and angiogenic factors. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(3):821-831.
- Kijima I, Phung S, Hur G. Grape seed extract is an aromatase inhibitor and a suppressor of aromatase expression. Cancer Res. 2006;66(11):5960-5967.
- Mantena SK, Baliga MS, Katiyar SK. Grape seed proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis and inhibit metastasis of highly metastatic breast carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27(8):1682-1691.
- Joshi SS, Kuszynski CA, Bagchi M. Chemopreventive Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on chang liver cells. Toxicology. 2000;155(1-3):83-90.
- Ray SD, Kumar MA, Bagchi D. A novel proanthocyanidin IH636 grape seed extract increases In vivo Bcl-XL expression and prevents acetaminophen-induced programmed and unprogrammed cell death in mouse liver. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999;369(1):42-58.
- Li W, Xu B, Xu J, Wu XL. Procyanidins produce significant attenuation of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via suppression of oxidative stress. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009;104(3):192-197.
- Maffei Facino R. Procyanidines from Vitis vinifera seeds protect rabbit heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury: Antioxidant intervention and/or iron and copper sequestering Ability. Planta Med. 996;62(6):495-502.
- Wen W, Lu J, Zhang K. Grape seed extract inhibits angiogenesis via suppression of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway. Cancer Prev Res. 2008;1(7):554-561.
- Gao N, Budhraja A, Cheng S. Induction of apoptosis in human leukemia cells by grape seed extract occurs via activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(1):140-149.
- Hatano T. Effects of Interaction of tannins with co-existing substances. VII. Inhibitory effects of tannins and related polyphenols on xanthine oxidase. Chem Pharm Bull. 1990;38(5):1224-1229.
- Wang YJ, Thomas P, Zhong J. Consumption of grape seed extract prevents amyloid-beta deposition and attenuates inflammation in brain of an Alzheimer’s disease mouse. Neurotox Res. 2009;15(1):3-14.
- Wu CD. Grape products and oral health. J Nutr. 2009;139(9):1818S-1823S.
- La VD, Bergeron C, Gafner S. Grape seed extract suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion by macrophages and inhibits human MMP-1 and -9 activities. J Periodontol. 2009;80(11):1875-1882.
- Ma L, Gao HQ, Li BY. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts inhibit vascular cell adhesion molecule expression induced by advanced glycation end products through activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2007;49(5):293-298.
- Verin MMP, Vilda A, Maurin JF. Therapeutic essay. Retinopathy and OPC. Bord Med. 1978;11:1467-1473.
- Ye X, Krohn RL, Liu W. The cytotoxic effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cultured human cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999;196(1-2):99-108.
- Rabovsky A, Cuomo J, Eich N. Measurement of plasma antioxidant reserve after supplementation with various antioxidants in healthy subjects. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;371(1-2):55-60.
- Thebaut JF, Thebaut P, Vin F. Study of endotelon in functional manifestations of peripheral venous insufficiency. Gaz Med France. 1985;92:96-100.
- Royer RJ, Schmidt CL. [Evaluation of venotropic drugs by venous gas plethsymograhy. A study of proanthocyanidolic oligomers]. Sem Hop. 1981;57(47-48):2009-2013.
- Dartenuc JY, Marache P, Choussat H. Capillary resistance in geriatry. A study of a microangioprotector – endotelon. Bord Med. 1980;13:903-907.
- Vigna GB. Effect of a standardized grape seed extract on low-density lipoprotein susceptibility to oxidation in heavy smokers. Metabolism. 2003;52(10):1250-1257.
- Corbe C, Boissin JP, Siou A. Light vision and chorioretinal circulation. Study of the effect of procyanidolic oligomers (Endotelon). J Fr Ophtalmol. 1988;11(5):453-60.
- Sano A, Uchida R, Saito M. Beneficial effects of grape seed extract on malondialdehyde-modified LDL. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2007;53(2):174-182.
- Sivaprakasapillai B, Edirisinghe I, Randolph J, Steinberg F, Kappagoda T. Effect of grape seed extract on blood pressure in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2009;58(12):1743-1746.
- Brooker S, Martin S, Pearson A. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase II trial of IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in patients with radiation-induced breast induration. Radiother Oncol. 2006;79(1):45-51.
- Bernstein CK, Deng C, Shuklah R, et al. Double blind placebo controlled (DBPC) study of grapeseed extract in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:1018.
- Huang SH, Adamis AP, Wiederchain DG. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in aqueous humor. Exp Eye Res. 1996;62(5):481-490.
- Barracchini A, Franceschini N, Filippello M. Leukocyanidines and collagenases: In vitro enzyme inhibition activity. Clin Ter. 1999;150(4):275-278.
- Ketsa, S. & Verheij, E.W.M. Vitis vinifera L.. In: Verheij, E.W.M. and Coronel, R.E. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 2: Edible fruits and nuts. PROSEA Foundation,1991 Bogor, Indonesia
- Siemonsma JS, Piluek K. Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 8: Vegetables. The Netherlands, Pudoc Scientific Publishers; 1993. p. 60–62.
