Introduction
Malic acid is synthesized in humans as one of the steps in the Kreb’s (citric acid) cycle during the production of ATP, which is the body’s primary source of energy. (1) Malic acid also occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables, and its concentration in apples is especially high, which accounts for it often being called “apple acid.” Because of its role in cellular energy production, malic acid may be helpful to individuals suffering from chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia. Some athletes consume malic acid hoping that it will increase the delivery of oxygen to muscle cells, thereby improving stamina and endurance. Malic acid is also used to acidify wines, acid drinks, fruit juice, soda water and various soft drinks. It is also frequently used in cosmetic formulations to adjust the pH of the product. Sodium malate is used in topical cosmetics as a moisturizing agent for the skin. (2)
Malic acid is present in many fruits and vegetables with the highest concentrations occurring in apples, cranberries, grapes, and cucumbers.
Dosage Info
Dosage Range
1,200 to 3,200 mg daily
Most Common Dosage
The following two dosages are both commonly used: a) 600 mg of malic acid in combination with 150 mg of magnesium twice daily and b) 1,200 mg of malic acid in combination with 300 mg of magnesium twice daily.
Dosage Forms
Tablets, capsules, and powder.
Reported Uses
Though research in this area is limited, malic acid may play a beneficial role in fibromyalgia. The results from one published study reported that patients taking 1,200 mg of malic acid and 300 mg of magnesium twice daily for six months experienced significant reductions in the severity of pain and tenderness. The psychological components associated with fibromyalgia improved as well. (3)
Currently there are no published studies on the use of malic acid in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). However, CFS is similar to fibromyalgia and many clinicians utilize malic acid to help improve energy production in patients with both conditions.
Toxicities & Precautions
Introduction
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General
This dietary supplement is considered safe when used in accordance with proper dosing guidelines.
Pregnancy / Breast Feeding
To date, the medical literature has not reported any adverse effects related to fetal development during pregnancy or to infants who are breast-fed. Yet little is known about the use of this dietary supplement while pregnant or breast-feeding. Therefore, it is recommended that you inform your healthcare practitioner of any dietary supplements you are using while pregnant or breast-feeding.
Age Limitations
To date, the medical literature has not reported any adverse effects specifically related to the use of this dietary supplement in children. Since young children may have undiagnosed allergies or medical conditions, this dietary supplement should not be used in children under 10 years of age unless recommended by a physician.
References
- Baynes J, Dominiczak M. Medical Biochemistry. New York: Mosby; 1999:182-183.
- View Abstract: Fiume Z. Final report on the safety assessment of Malic Acid and Sodium Malate. Int J Toxicol. 2001;20(Suppl 1):47-55.
- View Abstract: Russell IJ, Michalek JE, Flechas JD, Abraham GE. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with Super Malic: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover pilot study. J Rheumatol. May1995;22(5):953-8.