Synonyms
No documentation
Vernacular Names:
| Malaysia |
Celaka, Celaka bukit, Celaka Putih, Ceraka |
| English | White flower lead wort; Ceylon leadwort |
| Indonesia |
Ceraka (Sumatera); Daun encok, Ki encok (Sunda); Gadong encok, Poksor (Jawa); Kareka (Madura); Bama (Bali); Oporie (Timor); |
| Philippine |
Sagdikit (Tagalog); Bagbag, Talankaw (Iloc) |
| India |
Agnimata, Chitraka (Sanskrit); Chita (Hindi), Jvala, Agni, Chitrak, Chitra, Chitrakmula, Chica, Chitri, Chiti (Hindi), Chittiramulam, Vellai (Tamil) |
| Nepal |
Chitu |
| Tibet |
Tsi tra ka (Wylie) [1] [2] [3] [5] [7] [8] [9] [13] [14] [15] |
General Information
Description
Plumbago zeylanica has a straggling shrub up to 3m tall; stems erect, trailing or climbing, wiry, diffusely branched, glabrous, with prominent longitudinal ridges and often with white waxy dots. The leaves alternate, simple and entire. The stipules absent. The petiole measures 0.5 mm long with small auricles present in young leaves; blade ovate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong in shape, meauring 2.5-13 cm x 1-6 cm, base cuneate, apex acute, acuminate or obtuse, with white waxy dots underneath. The inflorescence a terminal raceme, measures 6-30cm long, sometimes paniculate, many-flowered. The bracts ovate to lanceolate in shape, measure 3-7 mm long. The peduncle measures 1-1.5 cm long, with prominent sessile glands. The flowers bisexual, regular, 5-merous, sweet-scented. The pedicel measres 1 – 2 mm long while the calyx tubular measures 7-11 mm long, 5-ribbed, with stalked glands along ribs. The lobes measure up to 1.5 mm long while the corolla tube measures 15-30 mm long, lobes oblong to ovate in shape, measuring 5-12 mm long, spreading, mucronate, white; stamens free, included; ovary superior, 1-celled, style filiform, with 5 elongated stigma lobes. The fruit an oblong capsule measuring 7.5-8 mm long, apex acute with 5 furrows, 1-seeded. The seed oblong in shape, measures 5-6 mm long, reddish brown to dark brown in colour. [4]
Plant Part Used
Whole plant, roots, leaves and fruits [3] [9] [14] [45] [59]
Chemical Constituents
2, 5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone; 2-methyl-5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone; 3-3’-biplumbagin; 3-chloroplumbagin; 3’-O-β-glucopyranosyl plumbagic acid; 3’- O-β-glucopyranosyl plumbagic acid methylester; 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 5-methoxyseselin; beta-sitosterol; beta-sitosteryl-3beta-glucopyranoside; beta-sitosteryl-3beta-glucopyranoside-6′-O-palmitate; chitranone; chitranone (3-6’ biplumbagin); dihydroserone; droserone; droserone (2- hidroxy plumbagin); elliptinone; indole-3-carboxaldehyde; isoshinanolone 2-methylnaphthazarin; lupenone; lupenyl; lupeol; lupeol acetate; maritinone; napthoquinonemethylene3’ 3-diplumbagin; nisoshinanolone; plumbagic acid; plumbagin; plumbagol; plumbazeylanone isozeylinone; plumbazeylone; sesellin; suberosin; trans-cinnamic acid; trilinolein; vanillic acid; xanthyletin; xanthoxyletin; zeylinon; zeylone;[2] [8] [9] [15]
Traditional Used:
P. zeylanica is considered a stimulant, diaphoretic, stomachic, abortifacient and narcotic. Based on these believes it is being used in treating a number of diseases.
Gastrointestinal Diseases
The Chinese believes that P. zeylanica has the ability to increase digestive heat with fire-like power. In Nepals it is being used to treat dyspepsia, diarrhea and haemorrhoids. In Ayurveda, the plant is recommended for removing worms, stimulating appetite, absorbing excess fluids from the intestines, destroying toxins and as a digestive. In Mauritius and Rodrigues Islands, the inhabitants recognized the roots as a remedy for diarhhoea and dyspepsia. Amongst the worms that succumbs to it is the hookworm. In Ghana the roots are applied as an enema for the treatment of haemorrhoids.[1] [2] [4] [7] [9] [10] [12] [14] [15]
Respiratory Diseases
The Ayurvedic practioners sometimes use the plant to treat cough and breathing difficulties. In Zimbabwe, an infusion of the roots is used for shortness of breath.[2] [4]
Gynaecological and Obstetrical Diseases
The Malays provide decoction of the plant on the third day post-partum. The leaves are eaten as a vegetable as a measure of delaying menstruation. Illicit induction of abortion is done by giving a decoction of the roots; a practice which should be frowned upon by the society. In Africa the pulped roots or aerial parts are inserted into the vagina to induce abortion; a dangerous practice which could result in death.[3] [4] [5] [6] [9] [13]
Genito-Urinary Diseases
In Indonesia the leaves is applied over the pubic region to help ease dysuria. The barks, roots or leaves are used to treat gonorrhea and syphilis.[4] [7]
Inflammatory Diseases
In Ethopia the powdered bark, root or leaves is used to treat gonorrhea, syphilis, and tuberculosis. The Zambians make use of the roots boiled in milk as a remedy for inflammation of the mouth, throat and chest. In Himachal Pradesh the native use a paste of the roots to induce drainage of abscesses. In Indonesia it is used as an antirheumatic remedy by local application over the affected site. However, it has to be used with great caution because of its vesicant effects on the skin.[4] [7] [8] [10]
Skin Diseases
Decoction of the roots is used for scabies. It is widely used to treat various skin affections including leprosy, ringworms, dermatitis, acne, sores and ulcers. Most of the time the roots are the part that is being used for skin problems. However, care must be taken as it can also cause skin irritation and vesicular eruptions. Dried and pulverized roots is a remedy for parasitic skin infestation. Paste of the root in vinegar, milk and water is used to treat influenza and balckwater fever in Africa.[4] [6] [7] [10] [15] [16]
Other Uses
Extracts of the roots is used to treat hypertension in a Malay community. A paste of the roots is applied behind the ear to help relieve headache. Another way of relieving headache is by applying the root paste in the palate. Tincture of the root bark is an antiperiodic and a sudorific. The root cooked with meat in a soup is considered an aphrodisiac amongst the Zimbabwe people.[3] [4] [5] [7] [10] [11]
Pre-Clinical Data
Pharmacology
Effects on blood coagulation profile activity
The structure of the active compound in P. zeylanica was found to be similar to that of vitamin K. Based on this Vijayakumar et al[17] studied the effects of extract of P. zeylanica on blood coagulation profile. They found that it did not change the platelet count but significantly decreased the platelet adhesion. Chronic admintration of the extract prolonged the bleeding time by altering platelet adhesiveness and the coagulation. Since these finding were similar to the group treated with naphthoquinone it is believed that the changes observed in the P. zeylanica extracts may be due to this component.
Antiallergic activity
70% ethanol extract of P. zeylanica stems show ability to inhibit mnast cell-dependent immediate allergic reaction. This is evidenced by the fact that the extract could inhibit systemic anaphylactic shock induced by compound 48/80 in mice, reduce homologouc passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and skin reactions induced by histamine or serotonin in rats. In vitro, the extract could reduce histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells caused by compound 48/80 and antigen. It also markedly increased intracellular cAMP content of rat mast cells.[18]
CNS stimulation activity
Bopaiah CP et al[19] studied the central nervous system (CNS) stimulatory action of 50% ethanol extract of the root of P. zeylanica. The study revealed that the extract could increase spontaneous motility in rats with higher ambuloatory and rotaory behaviour which is dose dependent. The extract specifically enhanced the spontaneous ambulatory activity without inducing stereotypic behaviour. Neurochemical estimations revealed elevated leves of Dopamine and Homovanilic acid in striatum the levels being highest at dose of 200mg/kb but begins to decline as the dose is increased. These behavioural and biochemical results is indicative of stimulatory properties of the extract being mediated by dopaminergic mechanisms in the rat brain.
Hyperglycemic activity
Olagunju JA et al[20] noted that their ethanol extract of the roots of P. zeylanica reduced key glycolysis enzymes (hexokinase, phospofructokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) activities in the thigh muscles of rats. Serum pyruvate and lactate were significantly lowered. This results suggest that there is a reduction in flux across the glycolytic pathway, a result of impaired delivery to, and utilization of, glucose by the peripheral tissues. This substantiate the reported hyperglycemia in the extract-treated rats. Parimala et al[21] identified Plumbagin as the compound responsible for this action when they studied it’s activity in 3MeDAB induced hepatoma in Wistar male mice.
Genotoxicity activity
Plumbagin, the most active compound in extracts of the roots of P. zeylanica was found to induce micronuclei at all doses studied (4mg/kg, 8mg/kg and 16mg/kg) and proved to be toxic to bone marrow cells of Swiss albino mice. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was significantly inhibited by higher doses of plumbagin (8 mg and 16 mg/kg b.w.). While plumbagin by itself has genotoxic activity, the same investigator (Sivakumar et al) found that the alcoholic extract of the root of P. zeylanica in total proved to protect their Swiss albino mice from the genotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide. The extract instead significantly reduced the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, increased the PCE/NCE ratio in the bone marrow, and decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation products with concomitant changes in the status of antioxidant. While plumbagin per se could cause genotoxicity, Demma et al proved that when in low dose (non-DNA damaging dose) in combination with NQNO or catechol, it could significantly reduce the catechol-induce DNA damage. This proves tha the non-DNA damaging concentration of plumbagin diminished the DNA damage induced by catechol by an antioxidative action.[22] [23] [24] [25]
Antioxidant activity
Tilak JC et al[26] found that the boiled ethanol extract of the roots of P. zeylanica has the most effective antioxidant activity. This extract was found to have high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. They also found that plumbagin was another component of the extract that has strong antioxidant activity.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Various extracts of the leaves of P. zeylanica were tested for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Sheeja et al[27] found that the acetone extract has a significant anti-inflammatory activity while the acetone and petroleum ether extracts significantly decrease pain stimulus only in the late phase of formalin tgest indicating that it is a peripheral action. The bio-assay-guided fractionation of the acetone extracts lead to the isolation and identification of plumbagin.
Immunomodulatory activity
It has been reported that plubagin from the roots of P. zeylanica could suppress the activation of NF-kappa B in tumour cells. Consequently Checker R et al[28] found that it affect the biological functions of leukocytes participating in various immune responses. This is evidenced by the following: 1. inhibit T-cell proliferation in response to polyclonal mitogen Concanavalin A (ConA) by blocking cell cycle progression; 2. suppressed expression of early and late activation markers CD69 and CD25 repectively in activated T-cells; 3. decrease in levels of Con A induced IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-gamma cytokines; 4. completely inhibit ConA induced IkappaB-alpha degradation and NF-kappaB activation. Tsai WJ et al[29] isolated another compound (seselin) from Plumbago zeylanica which seem to have almost similar effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Antifertility activity
The acetone and ethanol extracts of leaves of P. zeylanica showed effective interruption in oestrous cycle of rats. There was prolonged dioestrous stage of the oestrous cycle corresponding to a temporary inhibition of ovulation. This antiovulatory activity is reversible upon discontinuation of the treatment.[30]
Abortifacient activity
Treatment with powdered root of P. zeylanica during the first 7 days of pregnancy resulted in perimplantationary loss together with loss of uterine proteins of 13,000; 19,000 and 26,000 and 75,000 Da molecular weights. For those given the root from day 6 to day 17 of pregnancy proteins of molecular weights 55,000 and 65,000 Da were absent. This shows that proteins of 13,000; 19,000; 26,000 and 75,000 Da influence implantations while those of 55,000 and 65,000 Da are required for maintenance of pregnancy.[31]
Lipid metabolism activity
Plumbagin was reported to have the following effects on lipid metabolism of rabbits: 1. reduce serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol by 53% – 86% and 61% – 91 % respectively; 2. lower cholesterol/phospholipid ration by 45.8%; 3. elevates decreased HDL-cholesterol significantly. It was also observed that it could prevent accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in liver and aorta and regressed atheroma plaques of thoracic and abdominal aorta. The treated rabbits excreted more faecal cholesterol and phospholipids.[32]
Antimicrobial activity
Various researcher have found that P. zeylanica extracts showed potentials of antimicrobial activities. They found that P. zeylanica extracts are active against multidrug resistant bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).[33] [34] [35]
Plumbagin isolated from the roots of P. zeylanica could enhance the effects of antibiotics (streptomycin and rifampicin) against antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus).[36] Plumbagin was also found to have antimycobacterial activity.[37] Jetty A et al[38] isolated two more antibacterial compounds from the roots i.e. neoisoshinanolone and 1-epineo-isoshinanolone.
Antiplasmodial
Simonsen et al[42] found that P. zeylanica was amongst the five species out of 47 species of plants they studied, to have antiplasmodial activity.
Antiviral
Chen W et al[43] found that water soluble extract of P. zeylanica (a component of Ganduqing) has the ability to inhibit HBeAg and HBsAg expressed by 2.2.15 cells. Gebre-Mariam T et al[44] found 80% methanol extract of Plumbago zeylanica could inhibit Influenza A virus and Coxsakie virus B3.
Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity
In a preliminary study of 50 Taiwanese folk medicinal plants for their anti-Helicobacter pylori activity, Wang YC et al found that the 95% ethanol extract of P. zeylanica possess the highest anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. They went on the study the activity further to find that the organic solvent (ethyl acetate, acetone, and ethanol) extracts were more effective than the aqueous extract. Ethyl acetate extract showed the lowest MIC against 5 strains of H. pylori ranging from 0.32 to 1.28 mg/ml. This is followed, in ascending order, by acetone, ethanol and water analogs. Bactericidal activity again was seen highest in ethyl acetate (MIC of 5.12 – 20.48 mg/ml) followed by acetone, and ethanol. The ethyl acetate extract showed high stability within pH range of 1 – 7. They finally identified plumbagin to be one of the compounds responsible for this activity.[39] [40] [41]
Cytotoxic activity
P. zeylanica showed significant cytotoxic activity. Various workers had isolated a number of compounds and determined their range of effects on cancer cells.
- Plumbagin[45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [53] – Raji, Calu-1, HeLa, Wish tumour, MCF7, Bowes, APL (human acute promyelocytic leukemia), NB4, Human Prostatic cancer and human pancreatic cancer cell lines.
- beta-sitosteryl-3beta-glucopyranoside-6′-O-palmitate[46] – MCF7 and Bowes cancer cell lines
- beta-sitosterol[46] – Bowes cell lines
- 3beta-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-27,28-dioic acid[52] – MDA-MB-231 cell line
Plumbagin was found to have cell growth modulatory, anticarcinogenic and radiosensitizing effects due to its ability to inhibit NF-kappaB activation and NF-kappaB-regulated gene products via modulation of p65 and IkappaB-alpha kinase activation.[47] Nazeem S et al[57] and Powolny AA et al[54] suggested the possibility of an important role played by ROS in plumbagin-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. The ROS factor was also suggested by Xu KH et al[55] in their study on human promeyelocytic leukemia cells. Aziz et al[56] found that plumbagin could inhibit the growth and invasiveness of prostatic cancer, inhibits multiple molecular targets including PKC-epsilon, a predictive biomarker of prostatic cancer aggressiveness.
Toxicities
Toxicity studies done by Teshome K et al[58] showed that the primary irritant index to be 2.00 in rabbits; sensitization test in mice showed it to be non-sensitizer in the dose range of 4 – 10 mg/ml; acute dermal toxicity test on rats did not produce any overt signs of toxicity except for a weight gain difference between the test and control groups of female rats. Repeated dose toxicity test was associated with increased relative testes weight as well as higher values for Blood Urea Nitrogen and K+, an observation not supported by histopathological analyses.
Clinical Data
Clinical Trials
No documentation
Adverse Effects in Human:
Can cause vesication of the skin.
Used in Certain Conditions
Pregnancy / Breastfeeding
It is absolutely contraindicated in cases of pregnancy both due to its wide used in traditional medicine to induce abortion and also the scientific evidence to this effect.
Age Limitations
Neonates / Adolescents
No documentation
Geriatrics
No documentation
Chronic Disease Conditions
No documentation
Interactions
Interactions with drugs
No documentation
Interactions with Other Herbs / Herbal Constituents
No documentation
Contraindications
Contraindications
No documentation
Case Reports
No documentation
References
- IUCN Nepal, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Nepal. Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, National register of medicinal plants, IUCN, Nepal, 2000. pg 43
- Sebastian Pole, Ayurvedic Medicine : The Principles of Traditional Practice, Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2006. Pg156
- Kamarudin Mat-Salleh, A. Latiff, Tumbuhan Ubatan Malaysia, Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, 2002. Pg204-205
- Gabriëlla Harriët Schmelzer, Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (Program), Medicinal plants, PROTA, Netherlands, 2008. pg 475-477
- Narain Singh Chauhan, Medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh, Indus Publishing, New Delhi, 1999. pg 314-316, pg 548
- Kanny Loll Dey, The Indigenous Drugs of India, Thacker, Spink, And Co., Calcutta, 1867. Pg93
- Dr. Setiawan Dalimartha, TANAMAN OBAT di LINGKUNGAN SEKITAR, Niaga Swadaya, Jakarta, pg9
- Prof. H. M. Hembing Wijayakusuma, Atasi ASAM URAT & REMATIK ala Hembing, Niaga Swadaya, Jakarta, 2007. pg26
- Todd Caldecott, Āyurveda: the divine science of life, Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia, 2006. pg193-194
- Swami Sada Shiva Tirtha, The Ayurveda Encyclopedia; Natural Secrets to Healing, Prevention & Longevity, Ayurveda Holistic Center Press, New York, 1998. pg82
- Edward John Waring, M.D., Pharmacopoeia of India, W. H. Allen & Co., London, 1868. Pg170
- Udoy Chand Dutt, Materia Medica of the Hindus, Compiled from Sanskrit Medical Works, with a Glossary of Indian Plants, Thacker, spink & Co., Calcutta, pg185-186
- T. H . Pardo De Tavera, The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., Philadelphia, pg155
- Thinley Gyatso, Chris Hakim, Essentials of Tibetan Traditional Medicine, North Atlantic Books, California, 2010. pg214
- Bep Oliver-Bever, Medicinal plants in tropical West Africa, Press syndicate of the University of Cambridge, New York, 1986. pg128-129
- Batugal, P.A., Kanniah, J., Sy, L., Oliver, J.T. (eds.), Medicinal Plants Research in Asia – Volume I: The Framework and Project Workplans, International Plant Genetic Resources Instiute Serdang 2004 pg 168
- Vijayakumar R, Senthilvelan M, Ravindran R, Devi RS. Plumbago zeylanica action on blood coagulation profile with and without blood volume reduction. Vascul Pharmacol. 2006 Aug;45(2):86-90.
- Dai Y, Hou LF, Chan YP, Cheng L, But PP. Inhibition of immediate allergic reactions by ethanol extract from Plumbago zeylanica stems. Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 Mar;27(3):429-32.
- Bopaiah CP, Pradhan N. Central nervous system stimulatory action from the root extract of Plumbago zeylanica in rats. Phytother Res. 2001 Mar;15(2):153-6.
- Olagunju JA, Jobi AA, Oyedapo OO. An investigation into the biochemical basis of the observed hyperglycaemia in rats treated with ethanol root extract of plumbago zeylanica. Phytother Res. 1999 Jun;13(4):346-8.
- Parimala R, Sachdanandam P. Effect of Plumbagin on some glucose metabolising enzymes studied in rats in experimental hepatoma. Mol Cell Biochem. 1993 Aug 11;125(1):59-63.
- SivaKumar V, Prakash R, Murali MR, Devaraj H, Niranjali Devaraj S. In vivo micronucleus assay and GST activity in assessing genotoxicity of plumbagin in Swiss albino mice. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2005;28(4):499-507.
- Sivakumar V, Niranjali Devaraj S. Protective effect of Plumbago zeylanica against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2006;29(3):279-88.
- Demma J, Hallberg K, Hellman B. Genotoxicity of plumbagin and its effects on catechol and NQNO-induced DNA damage in mouse lymphoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 Mar;23(2):266-71
- Demma J, Engidawork E, Hellman B. Potential genotoxicity of plant extracts used in Ethiopian traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Feb 25;122(1):136-42.
- Tilak JC, Adhikari S, Devasagayam TP. Antioxidant properties of Plumbago zeylanica, an Indian medicinal plant and its active ingredient, plumbagin. Redox Rep. 2004;9(4):219-27.
- Sheeja E, Joshi SB, Jain DC. Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive compound from Plumbago zeylanica leaf. Pharm Biol. 2010 Apr;48(4):381-7.
- Checker R, Sharma D, Sandur SK, Khanam S, Poduval TB. Anti-inflammatory effects of plumbagin are mediated by inhibition of NF-kappaB activation in lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009 Jul;9(7-8):949-58.
- Tsai WJ, Chen YC, Wu MH, Lin LC, Chuang KA, Chang SC, Kuo YC. Seselin from Plumbago zeylanica inhibits phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cell proliferation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Sep 2;119(1):67-73.
- Edwin S, Joshi SB, Jain DC. Antifertility activity of leaves of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. in female albino rats. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2009 Jun;14(3):233-9.
- Devarshi P, Patil S, Kanase A. Effect of Plumbago zeylanica root powder induced preimplantationary loss and abortion on uterine luminal proteins in albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1991 Jun;29(6):521-2.
- Sharma I, Gusain D, Dixit VP. Hypolipidaemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of plumbagin in rabbits. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1991 Jan;35(1):10-4.
- Ahmad I, Mehmood Z, Mohammad F. Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Sep;62(2):183-93.
- Ahmad I, Aqil F. In vitro efficacy of bioactive extracts of 15 medicinal plants against ESbetaL-producing multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria. Microbiol Res. 2007;162(3):264-75.
- Aqil F, Ahmad I, Owais M. Evaluation of anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity and synergy of some bioactive plant extracts. Biotechnol J. 2006 Oct;1(10):1093-102.
- Durga R, Sridhar P, Polasa H. Effects of plumbagin on antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Indian J Med Res. 1990 Jan;91:18-20.
- Mossa JS, El-Feraly FS, Muhammad I. Antimycobacterial constituents from Juniperus procera, Ferula communis and Plumbago zeylanica and their in vitro synergistic activity with isonicotinic acid hydrazide. Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):934-7.
- Jetty A, Subhakar C, Rajagopal D, Jetty M, Subramanyam M, Marthanda Murthy M. Antimicrobial activities of neo- and 1-epineo-isoshinanolones from Plumbago zeylanica roots. Pharm Biol. 2010 Sep;48(9):1007-11.
- Wang YC, Huang TL. Screening of anti-Helicobacter pylori herbs deriving from Taiwanese folk medicinal plants. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2005 Feb 1;43(2):295-300.
- Wang YC, Huang TL. Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Plumbago zeylanica L. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2005 Mar 1;43(3):407-12.
- Wang YC, Huang TL. High-performance liquid chromatography for quantification of plumbagin, an anti-Helicobacter pylori compound of Plumbago zeylanica L. J Chromatogr A. 2005 Nov 11;1094(1-2):99-104.
- Simonsen HT, Nordskjold JB, Smitt UW, Nyman U, Palpu P, Joshi P, Varughese G. In vitro screening of Indian medicinal plants for antiplasmodial activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 Feb;74(2):195-204.
- Chen W, Yu Z, Li S. [Effects of the water-soluble extracts from the single herb of ganduqing against hepatitis B virus in vitro] Zhong Yao Cai. 1999 Sep;22(9):463-5.
- Gebre-Mariam T, Neubert R, Schmidt PC, Wutzler P, Schmidtke M. Antiviral activities of some Ethiopian medicinal plants used for the treatment of dermatological disorders. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Mar 8;104(1-2):182-7.
- Lin LC, Yang LL, Chou CJ. Cytotoxic naphthoquinones and plumbagic acid glucosides from Plumbago zeylanica. Phytochemistry. 2003 Feb;62(4):619-22.
- Zhao YL, Lu DP. [Effects of plumbagin on the human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells in vitro] Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2006 Apr;14(2):208-11.
- Powolny AA, Singh SV. Plumbagin-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells is associated with modulation of cellular redox status and generation of reactive oxygen species. Pharm Res. 2008 Sep;25(9):2171-80.
- Aziz MH, Dreckschmidt NE, Verma AK. Plumbagin, a medicinal plant-derived naphthoquinone, is a novel inhibitor of the growth and invasion of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;68(21):9024-32.
- Nazeem S, Azmi AS, Hanif S, Ahmad A, Mohammad RM, Hadi SM, Kumar KS. Plumbagin induces cell death through a copper-redox cycle mechanism in human cancer cells. Mutagenesis. 2009 Sep;24(5):413-8.
- Xu KH, Lu DP. Plumbagin induces ROS-mediated apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia cells in vivo. Leuk Res. 2010 May;34(5):658-65.
- Chen CA, Chang HH, Kao CY, Tsai TH, Chen YJ. Plumbagin, isolated from Plumbago zeylanica, induces cell death through apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells. Pancreatology. 2009;9(6):797-809.
- Sathya S, Sudhagar S, Vidhya Priya M, Bharathi Raja R, Muthusamy VS, Niranjali Devaraj S, Lakshmi BS. 3beta-Hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-27,28-dioic acid dimethyl ester, a novel natural product from Plumbago zeylanica inhibits the proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Jul 27.
- Chen CA, Chang HH, Kao CY, Tsai TH, Chen YJ. Plumbagin, isolated from Plumbago zeylanica, induces cell death through apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells. Pancreatology. 2009;9(6):797-809.
- Powolny AA, Singh SV. Plumbagin-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells is associated with modulation of cellular redox status and generation of reactive oxygen species. Pharm Res. 2008 Sep;25(9):2171-80.
- Xu KH, Lu DP. Plumbagin induces ROS-mediated apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia cells in vivo. Leuk Res. 2010 May;34(5):658-65.
- Aziz MH, Dreckschmidt NE, Verma AK. Plumbagin, a medicinal plant-derived naphthoquinone, is a novel inhibitor of the growth and invasion of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;68(21):9024-32.
- Nazeem S, Azmi AS, Hanif S, Ahmad A, Mohammad RM, Hadi SM, Kumar KS. Plumbagin induces cell death through a copper-redox cycle mechanism in human cancer cells. Mutagenesis. 2009 Sep;24(5):413-8.
- Teshome K, Gebre-Mariam T, Asres K, Perry F, Engidawork E. Toxicity studies on dermal application of plant extract of Plumbago zeylanica used in Ethiopian traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 May 8;117(2):236-48
- Zhang QR, Mei ZN, Yang GZ, Xiao YX. [Chemical constituents from aerial parts of Plumbago zeylanica Linn] Zhong Yao Cai. 2007 May;30(5):558-60.
