Botanical Name
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link.
Synonyms
Cassia caroliniana Walter, Cassia ciliata Raf., Cassia falcata L., Cassia foetida Pers., Cassia macradenia Collad., Cassia obliquifolia Schrank, Cassia occidentalis L., Cassia occidentalis (L.) Rose, Cassia planisiliqua L., Ditramexa occidentalis Britton & Rose, Ditremexa occidentalis (L.) Britton & Wilson, Cassia laevigata sensu auct. (misapplied) [8]
Family
Leguminosae
Vernacular Names
| Malaysia | Kachang kota, ketepeng hutan [4] |
| English | Coffee senna, negro coffee [4], antbrush [5], stinking weed, styptic weed, wild coffee [6] |
| China | Jue ming zi [4] |
| India | Kasamarda (Sanskrit); gajarság, kasondi [4], kassauimdhi, barrikassaumdhi (Hindi); doddaagace (Kannada); panniviram, ponnaniviram (Malayam); ponnavirai, peravirai, nattam takarai (Tamil); kasinda (Telagu)[5] |
| Indonesia | Menting (Javanese); kopi andelan (Sumatra) [4] |
| Thailand | Chum het tet [4] |
| Korea | Soggjolmjong [4] |
| Japan | Habuso [4] |
| Argentina | Cafelilo, cafetón [4] |
| Brazil | Fedegoso, mata pasta, paramarioba [4] |
| Mexico | Vainillo [4] |
| France | Herbe puante, café des noirs [4]. |
Description
Senna occidentalis is a member of the Leguminosae family. It is an annual herb of about 1 m high. The leaves are pinnately compound with leaflets oppositely placed and even in number. The flowers are yellow. The fruits are about 10-12 cm long and about 0.7 cm wide. The seeds are dark olive green [6].
Distribution
The plant is a common waste ground weed originating from the West Indies but is now pantropical [6].
Plant Use
Essentially S. occidentalis is used in traditional medicine to treat many conditions. It is considered bitter, sweet and acrid with purgative, laxative, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, hepatoprotective, antimalarial, vermifuge and febrifuge properties [7].
Toxic Parts
Toxin
The seeds are believed to contain two forms of toxins which are on heat stable and on heat labile. Earlier records indicated the presence of a toxalbumin and chrysarobin which can cause kidney and liver damage, however the toxicity can be removed by heat. More works identified a volatile toxic alkaloid or oxymethylanthraquinone in the fruit, leaf and root. Another study identified dianthrone, anthraquinone-derived compound being responsible for the characteristic mitochondrial myopathy. Dianthrone causes disruption of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation leading to death of the organelle, resulting in tissue necrosis in skeletal and cardiac muscles [1] [2] [3] [6].
Risk Management
S. occidentalis is not used in landscaping and thus, does not pose danger to humans. It is of importance to the livestock industry where there exist dangers of these animals consuming it and resulting in poisoning. It is best to avoid animals grazing in waste areas where this may be found growing [1] [2] [6].
Clinical Findings
The symptoms recorded here are those of livestock being fed with feed contaminated with seeds of C. occidentalis. Ingestion of large amounts of the plant causes incoordination, recumbency, reluctance to move, anorexia, muscle weakness, ataxia, diarrhoea, muscle tremors, stubbing, body weight loss and death [6].
Autopsy showed skeletal muscle degeneration, degenerative myopathy of myocardial muscle, congestion and pulmonary oedema, hepatic cell hypertrophy and necrosis [1].
Management
The treatment of poisoning is mainly supportive. In cases with severe gastrointestinal symptoms would require intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy and antiemetics [6].
References
- Acamovic T, Stewart S, Colin S, Pennyworth TW. Poisonous plants and related toxins. Oxford: CABI Publishings; 2001. p. 269-275.
- Riet-Correa F. Poisoning by plants, mycotoxins, and related toxins. Oxford: CABI Publishings; 2011. p. 264-269.
- Nellis DW. Poisonous plants and animals of Florida and the Caribbean. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press; 1997. p. 192.
- Hanelt P, Mansfeld R, Buttner R. Mansfeld’s encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops 4. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1986. p. 563-564.
- Warrier PK. Indian Medicinal Plants: A compendium of 500 species 2. Chennai: Orient Longmans; 1994. p. 19.
- Nelson LS, Shih RD, Balick MJ. Handbook of poisonous and injurious plants. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2007. p. 112 – 113
- Mother Herbs and Agro Products. [cited 2013 August 3]. Available from: http://www.motherherbs.com/cassia-occidentalis.html
- The Plant List. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link. Ver1.1. c2013. [cited 2013 August 3] Available from: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-1086
